"Celebratory advocacy" embraces a positive and joyful approach to advocacy, utilizing music, dance, and art to inspire engagement and unity. It emphasizes celebrating achievements, fostering community, and highlighting the movement's successes.

On the other hand, "solemn advocacy" takes on a serious and reflective tone, drawing attention to challenges or injustices. It aims to evoke empathy, inspire deep reflection, and mobilize for change through emotional pleas and powerful expressions of dissatisfaction.

The "luxury tax model" refers to imposing a "tax" if a club crosses the
median total squad salary of clubs of that league. As per this tax, the club
will have to pay the league association an equal amount for every dollar/pound/euro spent over the median value.
e.g. If the median total salary of a club in a league is 100 Million, and club X
wants to have a total salary spending of 125 Million, then X will have to pay
the league association luxury tax of 25 Million making their total cost 150 Million (125 M + 25 M).

I) Competitive chess follows a ranking system which divides players into tiers based on their rating. The 3 highest tiers of chess are Grandmaster (attained by roughly 1% of all chess players), followed by International Master (roughly 5%) and then FIDE Master (roughly 15% of all chess players).

II) You are a male professional chess player in your mid-thirties who has achieved FIDE Master status. Despite multiple attempts to advance further you have been unsuccessful in attaining an International Master (IM) status.

III) You also run a relatively well-known chess channel on social media platforms
(Youtube, Twitch etc.) which has become increasingly hard to manage given your preparation for competitive chess.

I) In club football, 'Ultras' refer to a long-standing group of institutional fans renowned for their fanatical support. They are membership-based organizations that aim to create an atmosphere which intimidates opposing teams/fans through the use of verbal support, flares, banners etc. In some cases, Ultras have been associated with violent altercations with rival fans during games.

II) While Ultras are not directly associated with the football club, they organize meetings with the staff/coaches and have reserved seats in stadiums.

III) Many Ultras also engage in political activism across the spectrum. Examples include Indonesian club Persebaya's Ultras (the Bonek) campaigning against FIFA corruption, Turkish club Beşiktaş’ “Çarşı”protesting against president Erdogan's repression and Inter Milan's Curva Nord supporting right-wing Italian politics.

Debt-for-nature swaps refer to a transaction in which an amount of debt owed by a developing country government is cancelled or reduced by a creditor in exchange for the debtor making financial commitments to conservation.

Olive finance refers to instances of private financial institutions funding renewable projects by companies that are heavily polluting in other parts of their operations i.e. companies that are gradually shifting from brown to green.

I) A sustainablity-focused hedge fund pools investor money and uses multiple strategies to maximize the environmental impact of their investments while trying to provide high returns to investors.

II) Short selling is the act of borrowing shares from others and selling them in the market with the hope that they can be bought cheaper later. It is a strategy that speculates on the decline of the stock's price in order to make a profit.

For the purpose of this debate, "passive nihilism" refers to an attitude where an individual does not have or believes in hopes and aspirations and rather leaves themselves content with simple pleasures.

The International Space Station (ISS) is a multinational cooperative project involving the United States, Russia, Canada, Europe, and Japan. The construction of the ISS began in 1998, and it has been continuously inhabited since November 2000.

Roscosmos, Russia's space agency, has played a key role in starting the station. Examples of their contributions are: the Zarya module, the first module launched by the ISS that provided electrical power, storage, and guidance to the ISS during the initial stages of construction; the Zvezda service module, which serves as a key control center, living quarters, and life support system on board; and Russian research and laboratory modules.

In July 2022, Roscomos' head, Yury Borisov, announced intent to withdraw from the ISS after 2024 to build their own Russian station. No formalized request has been sent to NASA.

The Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) is a Taiwanese private company that produces 80-90% of the world's most advanced semiconductor chips and currently supplies to major companies like Apple, Nvidia etc. While the central govt of Taiwan is its largest shareholder, the company is majority owned by multiple foreign investors. Since the late 2020s, TSMC has gradually opened chip factories in the US and Japan - although majority of the chip manufacturing continues to reside within Taiwan.

The Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) is an elite paramilitary force of Bangladesh formed in 2004, comprising members from various law enforcement agencies and is tasked with combatting crime, terrorism, and counter-narcotics.

While it has been credited with reducing crime rates, over the years RAB has received regular criticism from the international community on its lack accountability and alleged human rights violations, examples being the US sanctioning certain members and accusations from Human Rights Watch.

RAB has a mixed reception from the Bangladesh citizens with some crediting them for reducing crime and terrorism through their swift actions, and others showing concern about RAB enjoying impunity and becoming a political tool.

In late 2020, as a response to ongoing border skirmishes, India enacted a series of restrictions limiting Chinese FDI and imposed high import tariffs on Chinese goods and services.

In April 2022, a coalition of opposition parties in Pakistan called the Pakistan Democratic Movement (PDM) filed a motion of no confidence against Prime Minister Imran Khan, accusing him of poor governance and political victimization. As a result, Khan was removed from office as the country's prime minister and PDM came into power. Following the vote of no confidence, Khan's political party, the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), and his supporters initiated protests against state institutions, claiming that his removal was influenced by Western interference and the military establishment. Khan's PTI party won a significant victory in a by-election in Punjab province in July 2022, but despite this Khan was disqualified from running for public office by the election commission for five years -- resulting in protests to force early elections. Khan was shot in the leg during a protest in Lahore, and eventually was arrested by paramilitary security officials in a case filled by the anti-corruption body. This escalated PTI supporters to descend into violent riots, causing extensive damage to the government and military. Eventually Imran Khan was released on bail after a few days of the protests.

Speculative art refers to a genre or category of artistic expression that explores and imagines alternative or future realities, often incorporating elements of science fiction, fantasy, or surrealism (e.g Get Out, Black Panther, The Handmaid's Tale).

Representational art strives to faithfully portray and capture the likeness and details of the observed world and real world experiences (Hidden Figures, Moonlight, The Namesake).

Network shows are broadcasted on traditional television networks, follow a scheduled release model, rely on advertising revenue and are subject to broadcasting regulations (Friends, Grey's Anatomy, The Walking Dead etc).

Streaming shows are distributed through online platforms, offer on-demand viewing with flexible release models, and generally have significantly fewer episodes per season (Stranger Things, Fleabag, The Crown etc).

You are part of a popular K-Pop idol group that has acquired significant popularity over the last couple of years. Your contract with your entertainment agency is coming to an end, and you will be contemplating whether to renew this contract. A few members of your group will also be expected to fulfil their mandatory 2-year military service soon.

"Business gay performance" refers to a form of queerbaiting done by male pop stars during their on stage performance, where they exhibit acts and conducts that make them resemble romantic relationship, such as close physical contact, mostly to please their female fanbase.

The Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) program is an initiative taken by the Biden administration to ease the burden of repaying federal loans for eligible students by shouldering up to $20,000 in debt. As of the beginning of May 2023, the United States Department of Education has approved a total of $42 billion in PSLF for more than 615,000 borrowers since October 2021.

In 2023, the govt of Bhutan launched one of its largest economic ventures - a $500 million fund along with Nasdaq-listed company Bitdeer Technologies for starting green cryptocurrency mining operations in the country (i.e. cryptocurrency mining powered by hydroelectricity).

The Maharlika Investment Fund (MIF) is a sovereign wealth fund currently being pushed in the Philippines. Initial capital will be sourced from the Bangko Central ng Pilipinas, as well as other government financial institutions (GFIs)(e.g. Government Service Insurance System, Social Security System, Philippine Health Insurance Corp., etc.). The MIF is aimed to be used primarily for investment in outlets such as commercial real estate, and infrastructure projects, among others.

The Move Forward Party, led by Pita Limjaroenrat, is a social democratic and progressive political party that won the general elections held last May 14 in Thailand. Their campaign centers on promoting democracy in the country, dismantling monopolies, and promoting same-sex marriage, among others.

One of their main, and most controversial, push is the reformation of article 112, otherwise known as the ‘lese majesty’ law which makes it illegal to insult the monarch of Thailand. Despite winning the most votes this election, and forming a coalition with Pheu Thai, an opposition party affiliated with the former Prime Minister that garneredthe second most seats in the election, and other parties, Move Forward is still short of the 376 votes needed from the 750-member bicameral legislature to vote in Pita as prime minister to form a government.

For the purpose of the debate, 'artificial encounter' refers to getting to know someone else through specially arranged occasions with an explicit and primary purpose of evolving the relationship into a romantic one. Examples of artificial encounters include blind dates and using dating applications.

'Natural encounter' refers to starting a relationship even if there was no initial intention to do so when getting to know someone through a non-romantic setting without a particular intention for a relationship, but eventually falling in love with each other. Examples of natural encounters include starting a relationship with a friend you have known for a while or falling in love with your debate partner.

A situationship is an undefined relationship arrangement where two individuals engage in a combination of emotional and physical intimacy without clear commitment or expectations. It exists in a gray area between a casual hookup and a traditional romantic partnership, often lacking defined labels, exclusivity, or long-term goals.

After the early 2010s, when multiple Arab nations experienced political conflict, Jordan saw a massive influx of refugees from nearby countries, such as Syria, Iraq, and Palestine. Some refugees are hosted in UNHCR refugee camps, but many reside in urban and rural areas. These refugees mainly depend on financial support from the international community or informal economy (e.g. daily construction works, small-scale home-based business, etc.) unless the Ministry of Labor issues them a work permit, which refugees hardly obtain.